Monday, May 20, 2013

It's (Mostly) Official: Yahoo Buying Tumblr Youth Serum for $1.1B

Cash! The WSJ says "the Yahoo board has approved a deal" to make this happen, and it's hard to imagine Tumblr turning this down. One of the most unpopular companies in the world will soon own one of the most popular in history, and we'll all find out if you really can buy cool.

A billion dollars for a company with a massive, young, ad-averse, GIF-swapping user base and an open disdain for revenue?Yahoo's shareholders are probably a little puzzled, if they aren't prima facie dazzled by how often Tumblr is characterized as "cool" and "young"?that demographic elixer Yahoo will now try to vampire-suck out of Tumblr. Cool, cool, cool, young, young, so young.

Tumblr's investors won't be so dazzled, as they were hoping for a hell of a lot more than a billion dollars. Then again, these same investors poured millions into a company that, as mentioned, never made making money a priority?Tumblr should consider itself lucky to have this deus ex Marissa Mayer, the ultimate bail-out.

So, it's not ideal for either party, but that's Yahoo in 2013. It's a little sad and a little confusing, but the two deserve each other?and as AllThingsD's Kara Swisher reports, "There were no other competing bids." This is the internet acquisition equivalent of two tired, slightly desperate lovers exchanging leers from opposite sides of the bar, shrugging, and going home together. This is a Sure, why not, deal.

Still, no clues for the following questions:

A) What is Yahoo going to do with Tumblr in a way that justifies that giant price tag?

B) Will Tumblr have to start making money now?

C) What will Yahoo do with all of the porn and cutting?

D) Is this the end of the road for unpopular boy king David Karp, who for the first time in his career will have to be accountable to grownups? If not now, then perhaps soon?we've heard nothing good of him from inside Tumblr. He's been alienating his peers for years, gaining distrust instead of revenue, and earning a reputation as a startup headache. Of course, at the very same time, Karp was constructing one of the most beloved services on the internet?but these managerial quirks don't go down well with the WWW old guard.

We'll be at Yahoo's Manhattan announcement on Monday, but don't expect any big answers to the above?we don't suspect Yahoo even has them. The last we heard, Tumblr's employees will be called to hastily scheduled meetings Monday morning?rooms filled with dread and relief.

Source: http://valleywag.gawker.com/its-mostly-official-yahoo-buying-tumblr-for-1-1-bill-508716117

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Sunday, May 19, 2013

'Hatchet hitchhiker' gets handcuffs with his Starbucks

ELIZABETH, N.J. (AP) ? Two cups of coffee ended life on the run for an Internet sensation known as Kai the hatchet-wielding hitchhiker.

An employee at a Starbucks in Philadelphia is credited with recognizing 24-year-old Caleb "Kai" McGillvary, whose fledgling celebrity took a turn toward notoriety when authorities announced this week that he was wanted in the beating death of a New Jersey lawyer three times his age.

The unlikely pair met amid the neon lights of New York City's Times Square over the weekend and headed back to the squat brick home of 73-year-old Joseph Galfy Jr. on a quiet cul-de-sac in suburban Clark, N.J., authorities say. On Monday, Galfy was found beaten to death in his bedroom, wearing only his socks and underwear. McGillvary was arrested Thursday shortly after leaving the Starbucks and charged with killing Galfy.

McGillvary gained a measure of fame in February after intervening in an attack on a California utility worker. In an interview viewed millions of times online, he described using a hatchet he was carrying to repeatedly hit a man who had struck a worker with his car, fending off a further attack, and thus became known as "Kai the hatchet-wielding hitchhiker."

Galfy's funeral was held Friday in a small stone chapel in Warren, N.J. He was buried in East Hanover.

Galfy was an "excellent land use attorney," said friend Robert Ellenport. He said Galfy loved to travel and was a fan of the New York Giants and the Seton Hall University basketball team. Galfy would fly to warmer climes to watch Seton Hall play its first games of the season and was urging Ellenport and his partner to travel to Bali, one of Galfy's favorite vacation spots.

Galfy was a respected lawyer who in recent years handled land use and domestic violence cases, according to Union County Prosecutor Theodore Romankow, whose office is prosecuting McGillvary. The two knew each other through legal circles.

"He was just a nice man, a gentle man, well-regarded in the community," Romankow said.

In addition to his law practice, Galfy was the attorney for the planning board in Green Brook, N.J., and played drums in a wedding band.

Authorities said McGillvary was arrested Thursday evening after he walked into a Starbucks near a bus station in downtown Philadelphia and ordered two coffees. The woman who served McGillvary recognized him and alerted her manager, who called the police.

McGillvary took off before police arrived, Philadelphia Police Commissioner Charles Ramsey said, and without his coffee. But an officer went to a nearby bus terminal and found McGillvary, who was arrested there.

"He wasn't lying low," Romankow said. "He was out there."

McGillvary was being held on $3 million bail and awaited extradition Friday on charges in Galfy's killing. It's not clear whether McGillvary has a lawyer. The public defender's office in Philadelphia had no record of him.

Romankow said that McGillvary, who said in his TV appearance he prefers to be called "home-free" instead of homeless, traded on his newfound prominence to meet fans across the country.

Those fans include Terry Ratliff, 32, of Kingsland, Ga., who said he spoke to McGillvary a few times recently about working on music with him. Ratliff said he made about $70 from a YouTube video featuring McGillvary and sent him $34 on May 8. Ratliff said McGillvary was in New York at the time.

The two haven't met, but Ratliff started a fund for McGillvary's legal defense. So far it has only raised $66.

"If he is telling the truth, then maybe better legal representation will help get that truth out," Ratliff said.

McGillvary has made statements before, though, that don't add up.

He has said he is from Sophia, W.Va., but Mayor Danny Barr said Friday that he and the fire chief know everyone in the town of 1,334, have never heard of him and found nothing about him in town records.

McGillvary also wrote statements on Facebook following Galfy's death that were "sexual in nature," Romankow said, and noted that they could have been self-serving.

McGillvary's last post, dated Tuesday, asks "what would you do?" if you awoke in a stranger's house and found you'd been drugged and sexually assaulted. One commenter suggests hitting him with a hatchet, and McGillvary's final comment on the post says, "I like your idea."

It was a hatchet that helped give McGillvary a brief taste of fame in February when he gave a rambling, profanity-laced interview to a Fresno, Calif., television station about thwarting an unprovoked attack on a Pacific Gas & Electric employee. The interview went viral, with one version viewed more than 3.9 million times on YouTube. McGillvary later traveled to Los Angeles to appear on ABC's "Jimmy Kimmel Live!"

Noting that his photo had been all over, Ramsey said it apparently wasn't difficult to recognize McGillvary.

"Being on YouTube too much," the police commissioner said, "is not always a good thing."

___

Associated Press writers Kathy Matheson in Philadelphia; Vicki Smith in Morgantown, W.Va.; and Rema Rahman in Trenton, N.J., contributed to this report.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/pa-coffee-run-leads-hatchet-hitchhiker-arrest-171038273.html

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Ice wave comes ashore in Minnesota

Ice wave comes ashore: High winds on a Minnesota lake have pushed a wave of ice right into people's front yards.?

By Associated Press / May 13, 2013

Amateur video captures a wave of ice blanketing backyards and threatening houses in the Mille Lacs Lake area of Minnesota. (May 12)

?Strong winds have pushed huge?ice?sheets ashore at a northern?Minnesota?lake and right up to people's doorsteps.

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WCCO-TV reports that the?ice?from Lake Mille Lacs reached the doors and windows at the Izatys Resort on Saturday morning.

National Weather Service Meteorologist Shawn Devinny says 30 to 40 mile an hour winds pushed the water into the?ice, driving it ashore. He says the winds were lighter Sunday and the shoreline got a reprieve.

The Department of Natural Resources says about 10 miles of shoreline are covered, with some reaching up to 30 feet high.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/science/~3/IQ4OImlixmE/Ice-wave-comes-ashore-in-Minnesota

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Weekend Reading: The DH Summer Edition - ProfHacker - The ...

Big_Summer_SkyThe semester is over! Grades have been turned in, the weather is beautiful, possibilities are endless. It?s the perfect time to think about beginning summer projects, and to read up on the digital humanities,?one of our favorite fields at ProfHacker.?My links in this week?s Weekend Reading focus on some interesting developments in race, ethnicity and literary studies within the digital humanities, social media, and some literary inspiration for beginning your new summer project.

  • In ?Famous Authors? Handwritten Outlines for Great Works of Literature,??Emily Temple gives her readers some inspiration in showing you how famous authors planned out their novels (which may inspire you to check out Amy Cavendar?s review of Scapple,?a terrific new mindmapping app): ?Writing a novel (or a story, for that matter) is confusing work. There are just so many characters running all over the place, dropping hints and having revelations. So it?s no surprise that many authors plan out their works beforehand, in chart or list or scribble form, in order to keep everything straight. After the jump, you?ll find a mini collection of those planning papers, so you can take a peek into the process of some of your favorite authors, from James Salter to J.K. Rowling.?
  • Last weekend,?Roopika Risam and I hosted an Open Thread on Postcolonial Digital Humanities (#DHPoco) asking a question inspired by Martha Nell Smith, the founding Director of MITH: ?Has the Digital Humanities been a Historical Refuge from Race/Class/Gender/Disability??: ?In 2007, Martha Nell Smith observed: ?When I first started attending humanities computing conferences in the?mid-1990s, I was struck by how many of the presentations remarked, either explicitly?or implicitly, that concerns that had taken over so much academic?work in literature?of gender, race, class, sexuality?were irrelevant to humanities?computing. [?]? Scientific matters of mathematics?and computation, objective and hard, do not seem to be subject to the concerns?of gender, race, or sexuality. 2 + 2, so the reasoning goes, always equals?4, whether you are black, a woman, a queer, a straight, or whatever. HTML,?SGML, XML?the codes that make words and images, texts, processable?and TEI conformancy are supposedly gender-, race-, class-neutral.?The codes?always work, and the principles always apply, whatever one?s personal identity?or social group (or so many seemed to believe).? In your view, how much of this has changed since Smith?s article was published, if anything?? The thread has now generated over 150 comments, which some people have indicated is overwhelming.?New readers may thus find our latest lighthearted summary of the thread useful. You are welcome to edit and contribute to the summary by editing the embedded Google document.
  • Introducing peer-reviewed research on Facebook! TechCrunch?s Josh Costine?tells us, ?If subjects like ?XORing Elephants: Novel Erasure Codes for Big Data? get you all worked up, you?ll dig the??Research Publications At Facebook? site, which collects scientific papers written by Facebook employees and researchers. Ranging from hardcore engineering to the sociology of social networks, the library puts Facebook?s open-sourced knowledge all in one place.?
  • Launching next week: What Jane Saw, a very interesting digital recreation of Jane Austen?s view of an 1813 art exhibit at the British Institution in Pall Mall, London: ?On 24 May 2013, two centuries to the day that Austen viewed the 141 paintings in that exhibit, this site will open its doors as a public e-gallery, offering the modern visitor a precise historical reconstruction of that long-lost Regency blockbuster.?
  • It?s been twenty years since Paul Gilroy published his seminal The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, a book which has expanded American studies to Atlantic Ocean studies, particularly with reference to the African Diaspora. Africa in Words is running a series of posts on the book. Check out Nara Improta?s first post, which offers a useful summary and contextualization of the book and its impact: ?For Gilroy, the common experience of the Black Atlantic is based on memory. The Black Atlantic is an articulation of the past, rooted in the suffering and in the way people dealt with pain. And for him, the best form of expression of this suffering was music. However, music was more than just a way of transforming pain into pleasure; it was more than a reaction to oppression. It also included an intellectual message. In this sense, Gilroy argues that music should be studied without placing it in a Hegelian hierarchy in which it is seen as a pure form of expression of the soul. On the contrary, he explains that we should not overlook the intellectuality that is part of this form of art. From the syncopated rhythm to the content of the lyrics, for him, Atlantic black music was an intellectual production and should be studied as such, taking into consideration its complexity and seeking to understand its role in social history.?

Finally instead of a video, here?s a DogHouse Diaries comic from Mashable on how technology has made everything (including world domination) something you now do from your computer:

Mashable-Past-and-Present

Big Summer Sky Image Credit:?Meena Kadri?on Wikimedia Commons

Past and Present Comic Credit: DogHouse Diaries on Mashable

?

Source: http://chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/weekend-reading-the-dh-summer-edition/49443

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Assad: Syria transition talks are internal matter

FILE - This Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2009 file photo shows Syrian President Bashar Assad, seen, during a meeting with his Iranian counterpart Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, unseen, at the presidency in Tehran, Iran. Syrian President Bashar Assad says he won't step down before elections are held in his war-ravaged country. The Syrian leader's comments, published Saturday in the Argentine newspaper Clarin, highlight the difficulties the U.S. and Russia face in getting the Assad regime and Syria's political opposition to the table at an international conference envisioned for next month. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi, File)

FILE - This Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2009 file photo shows Syrian President Bashar Assad, seen, during a meeting with his Iranian counterpart Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, unseen, at the presidency in Tehran, Iran. Syrian President Bashar Assad says he won't step down before elections are held in his war-ravaged country. The Syrian leader's comments, published Saturday in the Argentine newspaper Clarin, highlight the difficulties the U.S. and Russia face in getting the Assad regime and Syria's political opposition to the table at an international conference envisioned for next month. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi, File)

This citizen journalism image provided by Edlib News Network, ENN, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, shows black smoke rising from what rebels say is a helicopter that was shot down at Abu Dhour military airbase which is besieged by the rebels, in the northern province city of Idlib, Syria, Friday May 17, 2013. Rights activists have found torture devices and other evidence of abuse in government prisons in the first Syrian city to fall to the rebels, Human Rights Watch said in a report Friday. (AP Photo/Edlib News Network ENN)

BEIRUT (AP) ? Syrian President Bashar Assad said in a newspaper interview Saturday he won't step down before elections and that the United States has no right to interfere in his country's politics, raising new doubts about a U.S-Russian effort to get Assad and his opponents to negotiate an end to the country's civil war.

In the capital Damascus, a car bomb killed at least three people and wounded five, according to Syrian state TV. It said bomb experts dismantled other explosives in the area.

The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, an activist group, said eight people were killed, including four members of the security forces. Discrepancies in death tolls are common in the chaotic aftermath of bombings in Syria.

Assad's comments to the Argentine newspaper Clarin were the first about his political future since Washington and Moscow agreed earlier this month to try to bring the Syrian regime and the opposition to an international conference for talks about a peaceful resolution to the conflict. The U.S. and Russia have backed opposite sides in the conflict, but appear to have found common ground in the diplomatic push.

The White House and the Kremlin envision holding the meeting next month, but no date has been set. Neither Assad nor the Syrian National Coalition, the main Western-backed coalition group, has made a firm commitment to attend.

In the interview, Assad seemed to play down the importance of such a conference, saying a decision on Syria's future is up to the Syrian people and that the U.S. has no right to interfere. He also said a decision on his political future must be made in elections, and not during such a conference.

"We said from the beginning that any decisions having to do with reform in Syria or any political doing is a local Syrian decision," he said. "Neither the U.S nor any other state is allowed to intervene in it. This issue is dealt with in Syria."

"That's why this possibility is determined by the Syrian people themselves; you go to the elections, you nominate yourself, there's a possibility you win and a possibility you don't," Assad added, hinting he might seek another term.

"This is the possibility. The possibility is not to enter the conference predetermined on something that the people did not determine themselves," he said.

Clarin posted a video of the interview, dubbed into Spanish, on the newspaper's website. The president's Facebook page later posted Arabic subtitles.

The Syrian president's remarks highlight the difficulties the U.S. and Russia face in getting the two sides to agree on the terms of negotiations themselves, let alone brokering a resolution to the civil war itself. The Western-backed Syrian National Coalition has said any transition talks should lead to Assad's ouster.

More than 70,000 people have been killed and several million displaced since the uprising against Assad erupted in March 2011 and escalated into a civil war.

Assad has dismissed those trying to topple him as foreign-backed terrorists. Many in the political opposition say the Syrian president and his inner circle cannot be expected to negotiate in good faith after they brutally suppressed peaceful protests.

In the interview, Assad compared himself to the skipper of a ship riding Syria's turbulent seas, saying "the country is in a crisis and when a ship faces a storm, the captain does not flee."

"The first thing he does is face the storm and guide the ship back to safety," Assad said. "I am not someone who flees from my responsibilities."

Meanwhile, divisions among rebel groups were on display in the country's largest city, Aleppo, where two Islamic militant groups engaged in tit-for--tat kidnappings of each other's fighters.

From the start, Syria's political opposition has been dogged by infighting, while the armed rebel groups have been unable to unite under a unified command.

The tensions in Aleppo involve a coalition of rebel groups known as the Judicial Council and another faction, Ghurabaa al-Sham. The confrontation began earlier this week when the Judicial Council accused the second group of looting factories in an industrial neighborhood of Aleppo.

The city of 3 million is split between rebel and government control.

Members of the two groups clashed in the area earlier this week, leaving four members of the Judicial Council dead, said Rami Abdul-Rahman, the head of the Observatory.

The Judicial Council then seized dozens of members of the rival group and is still holding them, he said. Ghurabaa al-Sham also took hostages from the Judicial Council, but has since released them, according to Aleppo-based activist Mohammed Saeed.

"The situation is very tense in Aleppo," said Abdul-Rahman, who relies on a network of activists around the country. He said Ghurabaa al-Sham has warned it will bring in some of its fighters from outside the city to take on the Judicial Council if its members are not freed.

Islamic militants fighting in the rebel ranks have become increasingly dominant, often taking up frontline positions. They share the objective of setting up an Islamic state, though some are more nationalistic, while others more religious. One of the most powerful of the Islamic groups, Jabhat al-Nusra, is linked to al-Qaida.

Bilal Saab, a political analyst, said infighting among rival Islamic militant factions is inevitable.

"The scene is so polarized and chaotic, it's ripe for competition and positioning now and after the regime falls," said Saab, director of the Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis, North America.

"The Islamist groups have always been the dominant and most capable, but they have never really been operating under one single umbrella," he added.

In another sign of the chaos bred by the civil war, gunmen abducted the elderly father of Syria's deputy foreign minister, Faisal Mekdad, his office said. Mekdad's father, who is in his 80s, was seized Saturday in the village of Ghossom in the southern Daraa province, Mekdad's office said.

The Observatory said regime forces arrested relatives of an alleged suspect in the kidnapping.

Mekdad has become one of the main faces of the regime to the outside world.

___

Associated Press writer Bassem Mroue in Beirut contributed to this report.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2013-05-18-Syria/id-f078bd7672e34091a34fb129be1a1a29

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Rockies Pacheco slams Giants in narrow win

By PAT GRAHAM

AP Sports Writer

Associated Press Sports

updated 12:50 a.m. ET May 18, 2013

DENVER (AP) - Jordan Pacheco had his first career grand slam baseball waiting for him on his chair after the game, sealed tightly in a plastic bag.

If only his tiebreaking homer would've sealed the win as tight.

No such luck. Not here at Coors Field, where big leads can shrink oh so rapidly.

Pacheco gave the team a seemingly safe cushion in the fifth, Carlos Gonzalez later added an insurance homer and the Colorado Rockies weathered a late rally by the San Francisco Giants for a 10-9 win on Friday night.

With that, the Rockies snapped a 10-game skid against the Giants.

Sure, it was just one win, but it was a big one for the Rockies' psyche.

"It's obvious we've had some rough history against the Giants," manager Walt Weiss said. "It's just nice to be able to fight back and, in the end, put a game away."

It would be far from easy.

The Giants, who rallied from an early six-run deficit the night before, were on the comeback trail again Friday.

Down five, they made things interesting by scoring three times in the seventh. It could've been more, but Dexter Fowler made a diving catch in center to end the inning.

"Game changer," Weiss said.

After Buster Posey made it a 10-9 game in the eighth with a two-out homer off Matt Belisle, Hunter Pence followed with a double. But Belisle got Brett Pill to ground out and strand Pence.

In the ninth, Rafael Betancourt struck out the side for his 10th save in as many chances.

"That's a tough-guy save right there, because the game was pretty crazy," Weiss said.

Pacheco laced his first homer of the season to left on a hanging slider from Madison Bumgarner (4-2), who failed to protect an early four-run lead.

"Felt good," Pacheco said with a modest shrug.

Fowler had a feeling it might be a big night for Pacheco, who was filling in for Todd Helton at first base. They took early batting practice together and the ball was flying off Pacheco's bat.

"I saw the thump he had," Fowler said. "So that (homer) didn't surprise me."

Jorge De La Rosa (5-3) entered the game without giving up a run at Coors Field in 12 innings. He was hit hard, surrendering five runs in five innings, only to settle down enough to earn the win.

Gonzalez, Troy Tulowitzki and Wilin Rosario - the heart of the Rockies' batting order - finished with a combined six hits, four RBIs and five runs scored. Gonzalez added an insurance run with his homer in the sixth.

"Huge win," Gonzalez said. "This team is tough to beat."

Pablo Sandoval had three hits and drove in two runs for San Francisco, while Marco Scutaro extended his hitting streak to 16 games.

Bumgarner turned in his first clunker against the Rockies in quite a while. He had won six of his last seven starts before struggling on Friday. The lefty allowed a season-high nine runs - seven earned - in just 4 2-3 innings. His ERA climbed nearly a full run to 3.09.

Trying to preserve a one-run lead in the fifth, Bumgarner gave up a game-tying single to Rosario. A walk to D.J. LeMahieu loaded the bases for Pacheco, who sent the first pitch from Bumgarner over the fence.

"That grand slam wasn't too fun," Bumgarner said. "I just wasn't making pitches when I needed to (in order) to get guys."

Pacheco also had an RBI on a grounder in the second.

"Just glad I was able to come through for our team," he said.

The Giants had a frightful night in the field, committing a season-high four errors. Two of those miscues came in the third, when Sandoval had a throwing error to begin the inning and center fielder Angel Pagan later sent a high throw to third base that ended up in the Giants' dugout, allowing Dexter Fowler to trot home. Tulowitzki tied the game at 4 with an RBI single.

"Too many errors, particularly in this ballpark," manager Bruce Bochy said. "They fought back, I'll say that. But we're making way too many errors.

"We've got to tighten things up."

The Giants have made themselves quite comfortable at Coors Field, winning 14 of their last 20 in this hitter's park. Weiss quickly dismissed the notion the Giants have a psychological edge on his team.

Although, this does help.

"We know we've got to beat these guys," Weiss said. "We know they've had our number over the last couple of years. They're the world champions, so you have to go through them eventually. We know all that stuff. It's not stuff we have to talk about, it's already there. Got to go out and play well, find ways to win games."

NOTES: Giants RHP Tim Lincecum (3-2) will start Saturday night. ... The hot-hitting Scutaro is batting .485 during his streak. ... San Francisco is 31-10 against Colorado since 2011. ... The Rockies altered their starting rotation, with RHP Tyler Chatwood getting the start on Saturday and RHP Juan Nicasio being bumped back to Sunday. Chatwood joined the team from Triple-A Colorado Springs on Friday and will be added to the roster before his start.

? 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Torre: 'The game isn't perfect'

DPS: MLB executive Joe Torre talks to Dan Patrick about instant replay in baseball. Torre says that the game isn't perfect, but there are limits as to what instant replay should be used for. He draws the line at using it for balls and strikes.

Source: http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/51924645/ns/sports-baseball/

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Frogs, salamanders and climate change

May 18, 2013 ? By day, insects provide the white noise of the South, but the night belongs to the amphibians. In a typical year, the Southern air hangs heavy from the humidity and the sounds of wildlife. The Southeast, home to more than 140 species of frogs, toads and salamanders, is the center of amphibian biodiversity in our nation. If the ponds and swamps are the auditorium for their symphonic choruses, the scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey's Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative, or ARMI, have front-row seats.

Amphibians, which rely on water for part or all of their life cycle, must adjust to often atypical weather. Some years bring heavy deluges, such as the region's notorious hurricanes, and others bring the transformations that come with drought. Amphibians around the world seem to be experiencing the worst declines documented among vertebrates. While habitat loss is the number one reason for population declines, research suggests that disease, invasive species, contaminants and perhaps other factors contribute to declines in protected areas.

And then there's climate change, another stressor for amphibians to contend with. Climate change projections indicate that rainfall will increasingly come in pulses, with greater deluges and longer periods of drought. Scientists have long suspected that climate change is an important factor in amphibian declines, and resource managers are asking whether conservation measures might help species persist or adapt in a changing climate. Three recent U.S. Geological Survey studies offer some insight into the issue.

Why amphibians?

Amphibians, which are declining throughout the world, play an important role in ecological systems. They eat small creatures, including mosquitos, and they are food themselves for larger creatures, such as birds and snakes. Because amphibians are the middle of the food chain -- and sensitive to environmental disruption because of their aquatic or semi-aquatic lives -- their existence is often used as an indication of ecosystem health.

Scientists in ARMI, a program started by Congress in 2000 in response to concerns about amphibian declines, have been working to unravel the ups and downs of amphibian populations to support effective conservation and resource management decisions. To do this, ARMI scientists and field crews monitor the status of amphibians, research the causes of declines, and scientifically evaluate projects undertaken to sustain these species and their habitats across the country.

Pond life -- it's not easy being green!

ARMI scientists looked at a range of amphibian species found in the Southeast and posed the question, "What will happen to their populations under a scenario of changes in rainfall patterns -- more deluges alternating with droughts -- which is being predicted by current climate models?"

It turns out that understanding how climate affects amphibians requires "thinking like the ponds" in which they live. Amphibians have unique life cycles -- most alternate between living in water as juveniles, to maturing and dispersing on land, then returning to water again as adults to mate and lay eggs.

When USGS scientists reviewed what was known about amphibian responses to rainfall, it turned out that both extremes in rainfall -- drought and heavy rainfall events -- can decrease the number of amphibians. The amphibians' response depends on a balance between these two key factors. If ponds dry up while aquatic juveniles are developing, survival of the next generation is lowered. However, if a deluge occurs at that time, nearby pools that often contain fish will be physically connected with the pools containing juvenile amphibians, and the fish will eat the juveniles.

In essence, the study showed that extreme rainfall events are key to predicting amphibian responses to climate, because such events affect the amount and timing of water in ponds that they depend on. The full review of species' responses was published in March 2013 edition of the journal Biology.

Drought and declining salamanders

Knowing that each species responds to droughts and deluges based on the particulars of their biology, scientists set out to test just how these dynamics played out in the southeastern U.S. by looking at larval mole salamanders in small isolated ponds in St. Mark's National Wildlife Refuge, Florida.

Larval mole salamanders have a similar life cycle to the flatwoods salamander, a federally threatened species found on the refuge. Because it is difficult to study the flatwoods salamander directly, and mole salamanders are ecologically similar, scientists study the mole salamander instead, knowing that whatever affects them will likely impact the flatwoods salamander as well.

In the four years of the study, drought consistently decreased salamander occupancy in ponds. To support young salamanders, rain has to fill a pond during the breeding season and then the pond has to stay filled long enough for larvae to transform into the next life stage. Therefore, scientists confirmed that drought did indeed cause short-term declines in mole salamanders -- suggesting that the listed flatwoods salamander may face a similar fate under climate change.

The results of the mole salamander study are published in the April 2013 edition of the journal Wetlands.

Can habitat conservation make a difference for frogs and toads?

To answer this question, USGS scientists examined whether the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service Wetlands Reserve Program was helping address the problem. The Wetlands Reserve Program is a voluntary USDA program offering landowners the opportunity to protect, restore, and enhance wetlands on their property. To assess the potential benefit of WRP restoration to amphibians, in this case, frogs and toads, USGS scientists surveyed 30 randomly selected WRP sites and 20 nearby agricultural sites in the Mississippi Delta in northwest Mississippi.

The scientists found that WRP sites had more kinds of species and was home to more numbers of amphibians than the agricultural sites studied. The restoration of wetland hydrology appeared to provide the most immediate benefit to the animals.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/RA1SWvRza9A/130518153747.htm

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